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Qu'est-ce (qui) est aluminum - définition
![There are five major aluminium forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al<sup>0</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al<sup>0</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)<sub>n</sub><sup>+/−</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)<sub>n(s)</sub>). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/[[endothelia]] through five major routes: (1) [[paracellular]]; (2) [[transcellular]]; (3) [[active transport]]; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated [[endocytosis]].<ref name="health1" />](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Al transport across human cells.jpg?width=200 "There are five major aluminium forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al<sup>0</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al<sup>0</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)<sub>n</sub><sup>+/−</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)<sub>n(s)</sub>). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/[[endothelia]] through five major routes: (1) [[paracellular]]; (2) [[transcellular]]; (3) [[active transport]]; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated [[endocytosis]].<ref name=\"health1\" />")
![HAADF]] micrograph of Al atoms viewed along the [001] zone axis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aluminium Atomic lattice.png?width=200 "HAADF]] micrograph of Al atoms viewed along the [001] zone axis.")
![Aluminium-bodied [[Austin A40 Sports]] (c. 1951)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Austin A40 Roadster ca 1951.jpg?width=200 "Aluminium-bodied [[Austin A40 Sports]] (c. 1951)")
![[[Bauxite]], a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of [[iron oxide]] minerals.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bauxite hérault.JPG?width=200 "[[Bauxite]], a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of [[iron oxide]] minerals.")
![[[Aluminium can]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Drinking can ring-pull tab.jpg?width=200 "[[Aluminium can]]")
![The statue of [[Anteros]] in [[Piccadilly Circus]], London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg?width=200 "The statue of [[Anteros]] in [[Piccadilly Circus]], London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium.")
!["[[Bauxite tailings]]" storage facility in [[Stade]], Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luftaufnahmen Nordseekueste 2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg?width=200 "\"[[Bauxite tailings]]\" storage facility in [[Stade]], Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.")
![[[Extrusion]] billets of aluminium](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tovarna glinice in aluminija Kidričevo - kupi aluminija 1968.jpg?width=200 "[[Extrusion]] billets of aluminium")
![Structure of [[trimethylaluminium]], a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png?width=200 "Structure of [[trimethylaluminium]], a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.")
a) 1 foot long, weighing 1 grain, 0.1074 ohms.
b) 1 foot long, 1/1000 inch thick, 17.53 "
c) 1 meter long, weighing 1 gram, 0.0749 "
d) 1 meter long, 1 millimeter thick 0.03710 "
Resistance of a 1-inch cube at 0ºC (32°F.) 1.147 microhms
Electro-chemical equivalent. .0958 (hydrogen == .0105)
Wikipédia
Aluminium (aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals; about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic and ductile. It has one stable isotope: 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the twelfth-most common element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al is used in radiometric dating.
Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it is polarizing, and bonds aluminium forms tend towards covalency. The strong affinity towards oxygen leads to aluminium's common association with oxygen in nature in the form of oxides; for this reason, aluminium is found on Earth primarily in rocks in the crust, where it is the third-most abundant element, after oxygen and silicon, rather than in the mantle, and virtually never as the free metal. It is obtained industrially by mining bauxite, a sedimentary rock rich in aluminium minerals.
The discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted. The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life. In World Wars I and II, aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to use aluminium salts for metabolism, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of the abundance of these salts, the potential for a biological role for them is of interest, and studies continue.
